14 PT Exercises for Lower Back Pain
Try these exercises to ease lower back pain.
Author: MaryAnn DePietro CRTSTART READING
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Low back pain is discomfort between the bottom of the ribs and the buttocks in the lumbar spine. It may be acute and last only a short time or become chronic. Low back pain can have several causes, including:
- Muscle injuries
- Osteoarthritis
- Lumbar spinal stenosis
- Fibromyalgia
- Compression fractures
Exercise can play a critical role in alleviating lower back pain. Strengthening the lower back muscles and core can provide stability for the lumbar spine, reducing injury risk. Exercise may also help decrease muscle stiffness and tension and increase flexibility in the lower back.
Physical therapy exercises for lower back pain often include a combination of core strengthening exercises and lower back stretches.
Exercises that work the glutes and hamstrings also help support the lower back. Strengthening the core, hamstrings, and glutes may help protect the lower back. Exercises to improve range of motion and flexibility may help ease muscle tension, reducing back pain.
Core Exercises for Lower Back Pain
Exercise is essential in reducing the risk of future low back injuries. Strong core muscles provide support for the spine. They also increase the range of motion, reducing the risk of hurting your lower back when bending and twisting.
The core muscles include:
- Rectus abdominis
- Transverse abdominis
- External and internal obliques
- Pelvic floor
- Erector spinae
Core exercises for lower back pain should include varied movements that work the different core muscles. This is helpful for overall strength and protecting your back from injury.
Plank
Plank is an effective exercise for overall course strength. It strengthens the core isometrically, which is a good option for individuals with low back pain.
To perform a plank:
- Lie down on your stomach with your hands parallel to your chest and palms on the floor.
- Outstretch your legs in the back of you with your toes touching the ground.
- Pressing through your palms, lift your torso and hips off the ground.
- Your hand should be directly underneath your shoulders.
- Keep your body parallel to the ground and hold.
- Work up to holding for one minute.
If performing a plank on your toes is too difficult, do it on your knees first and gradually increase the difficulty.
Bridge
A bridge is an effective exercise to work your transverse abdominis, which helps stabilize your hips and lower back. It also helps strengthen your hamstrings and glutes, supporting your lower back.
To perform a bridge:
- Start by lying on your back, keeping your feet flat on the floor and your knees bent.
- Your hands should be at your sides, with your palms facing the floor.
- Keep feet about hip-width apart.
- Press through your heels and push your hips up from the ground.
- Pause at the top and squeeze your glutes.
- Return to your starting position and repeat for 12 repetitions and two to three sets.
Modified Leg raises
A modified leg raise helps strengthen the core and stabilize the lower back. Bending the knees to modify a leg raise puts less pressure on the lower back.
To perform a modified leg raise:
- Lie on your back with your feet flat on the floor.
- Press your back firmly into the floor by performing a pelvic tilt.
- Relax your neck and shoulders.
- Bend your knees, keeping your feet flat on the floor.
- Tuck your palms under the upper glutes for extra support.
- With slightly bent knees, slowly lift both legs up using your core to draw your legs up.
- Avoid rocking back and forth.
- Return your feet to the starting position and repeat for ten repetitions, forming one to two sets.
Russian Twist
The Russian twist strengthens your upper abdominal muscles and external and internal obliques and improves your core range of motion. When starting a Russian twist, consider doing the movement without weight. If you feel discomfort in your lower back when twisting, decrease your range of motion and do not twist as far.
To perform a Russian twist:
- Sit on the floor with your knees bent at a 40-degree angle.
- Keep your heels on the floor.
- Lean back slights as you maintain a straight back.
- Hold your arms out in front of you at about shoulder height or at the elbow.
- Rotate your shoulders from side to side, keeping your lower body stable.
- Repeat for 12 repetitions.
As you become stronger, consider holding a medicine ball or dumbbell. Start with light weights and gradually increase.
Bicycle Crunches
Bicycle crunches improve core stability, strength, and rotational movement. They strengthen the internal and external obliques and transverse abdominis.
To perform bicycle crunches:
- Lie down with your back against the ground and your legs extended in front of you.
- Pelvic tilt to keep your back flat against the ground.
- Bend your knees to bring your legs to a tabletop position.
- Interlock your fingers and place them behind your neck. Avoid pulling on your neck.
- Lift your neck, head, and shoulders off the floor.
- Rotate your torso to allow your elbow to touch your opposite knee as it comes up.
- Lower your elbow and knee simultaneously while raising your opposite elbow and knee. Repeat the same move on the other side.
- Keep alternating repeating for 12 repetitions.
Stretches
PT exercises for the lower back also include stretching exercises. Stretching exercises can reduce tension and stress and help ease stiffness.
Focus on your breathing as you do your stretches. Deep belly breathing engages your diaphragm and may help relax your muscles, enhancing the stretch.
Try to inhale deeply as you lengthen the muscles and move throughout the stretch. Exhale while holding the stretch and returning to your starting position.
Back Extensions
A back extension stretches the abdominal muscles and may help strengthen the lower back. If you are just starting, start with a basic back extension, which places the least amount of pressure on your lower back.
To perform a back extension:
- Lie on your stomach, keeping your legs straight behind you.
- Place your elbows and forearms on the ground at your sides.
- Lift your torso off the ground so your elbows are off the floor, slightly arching your back.
- Hold this position for a few seconds and return to your starting position.
- Repeat for three or four repetitions.
- Avoid over-extension of your back.
Knee-to-Chest Stretch
The knee-to-chest stretch is good for releasing tension in your lower back muscles. It also helps increase joint flexibility and range of motion. It decreases joint stiffness associated with degenerative disc disease and spinal arthritis.
To perform a knee-to-chest stretch:
- Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet on the floor.
- Slowly raise one bent knee up towards your chest.
- Bring your knee up high enough to grasp your lower leg just under the knee. Interlace your fingers just under your knee, and slightly hold your leg towards your chest.
- Hold that position for 20 to 30 seconds, release, and repeat on the other leg.
- Your leg on the ground can remain straight or slightly bend your knee.
- After one or two repetitions of a single leg, you need a chest stretch. Bring both knees to your chest and hold for 30 seconds.
Pelvic Tilts
Pelvic tilts strengthen the lower back and deep core muscles to improve spinal stability. They are easy to perform and are an excellent exercise for all fitness levels.
To perform a pelvic tilt:
- Lie flat on your back, keeping your knees bent and feet flat on the floor.
- Extend your arms alongside your torso with your palms facing down.
- Allow your back to maintain its natural curve. Inhale slowly.
- As you exhale, draw your belly button inwards towards your spine, allowing your tailbone to tilt upward.
- Your back should be flat against the floor, and feel a gentle stretch in your lumbar area.
- Repeat for ten repetitions.
Cat-Cow Pose
A cat-cow stretch involves alternating flexing and extending your spine. This stretch can help improve posture and flexibility in the lower back and ease muscle tension.
To perform a cat-cow stretch:
- Start on your hands and knees, keeping your hands underneath your shoulders and your knees underneath your hips.
- Inhale and slowly tilt your pelvis back so your tailbone points up.
- Arch your back as your belly drops. Point your head up towards the ceiling without hyperextending your neck. This is the cow position.
- Bring your head downward, rounding your spine as you exhale. This is the cat pose.
- Alternate between the cat and cow pose for about five repetitions.
Child's Pose
Child's pose helps stretch the hips, back, and shoulders and can reduce lower back soreness and stiffness.
To perform the child's pose:
- Start on all fours, keeping your knees spread shoulder-width apart.
- Slowly bring your glutes back to sit down on your heels as you lower your torso towards the ground.
- As you lower to the ground, stretch your arms out in front of you with your palms facing down.
- Bring your forehead to the mat as you keep your glutes close to your heels.
- Hold for about 20 to 30 seconds.
Chair Exercises for Low Back Pain
Chair exercises are beneficial, especially for individuals with limited mobility or just returning to exercise. Chair exercises are convenient and accessible to most people. They may be effective for mild to moderate back pain. You can generally perform them easily anywhere, including in an office setting.
Seated Spinal Twist
A seated spinal twist relaxes stiff lower back muscles. It also helps improve flexibility and rotational movement in your lower back. There are several variations of a seated spinal twist, including the one below.
To perform a seated spinal twist:
- Sit sideways in a chair.
- Sit up tall with your core engaged.
- Raise your arms with your elbows out to the sides.
- Twist towards the chair and drop your arm down, keeping your shoulders parallel to the chair.
- Take a breath in. Hold for a few seconds.
- Exhale and return to your starting position.
- Repeat for five repetitions and repeat on the other side.
Seated Knee-to-Chest Stretch
A seated knee-to-chest stretch improves the range of motion and flexibility in the hips, glutes, and lower back. Improving the range of motion in these muscles makes everyday activities easier. This includes walking, going upstairs, and sitting straight in a chair.
To perform a seated knee-to-chest stretch:
- Sit tall in a chair with your feet flat on the floor.
- Maintain a tight core to provide good posture and spinal stability.
- Place your hands around one knee as you pull the leg towards your chest.
- Hold that position for 20 to 30 seconds and return your foot to the ground.
- Repeat the stretch on your opposite leg.
Seated Hip Flexor Stretch
A hip flexor stretch may help decrease tension in the upper hips and improve the range of motion. Hip pain may also contribute to lower back pain.
To perform a seated hip flexor stretch:
- Sit with both feet on the ground on the edge of the chair.
- Take one leg back behind you with your leg at a 90-degree angle.
- Tuck your glutes under your hips to protect your lower back.
- Slowly lean forward until you feel a stretch in your upper hip.
- Hold that position for about 30 seconds and repeat on the opposite leg.
Seated Back Extension
A seated back extension helps release tension in the lower back. It is easy to perform a back extension without hyperextending the spine.
To perform a seated back extension:
- Sit up in a chair, maintaining a straight spine with your feet flat on the floor.
- Place your hands, interlacing your fingers behind your neck for support.
- Avoid pulling your neck forward.
- Slowly bend your upper back towards the back of the chair without over-arching your lower back.
- Hold this position for 10 to 15 seconds and release.
- Repeat for five repetitions.
Lower Back Pain Exercises to Avoid
Although everyone is different, specific exercises may exacerbate lower back pain and should be avoided.
Leg Lifts
Lying down for leg lifts can put too much strain on the lower back, leading to increased pain. As stated above, this exercise differs from modified leg lifts.
Sit-ups
Sit-ups place pressure on the spinal discs, which may cause discomfort in individuals with specific back injuries.
Hyperextensions
Exercises involving hyperextension of the back should also be avoided if you have lower back pain. Examples of hyperextension back exercises include:
- Roman chair back extensions
- Superman pose with excess extension
These types of exercises, which involve hyperextension of the back, lead to an excessive lower back arch. This position may put undue stress on the lower back. It can potentially lead to an injury or exacerbate pre-existing back pain.
Additional Tips
There are a few additional things to keep in mind when performing these exercises, including the following:
Do a warm-up and cool-down
It is important to do a proper warm-up before performing your physical therapy exercises. A warm-up can include dynamic stretching exercises or walking. Also, be sure to perform a cool-down, such as gentle stretching and deep breathing exercises, after your routine.
Listen to Your Body
If an exercise hurts, don't do it. Listen to your body. Do not push through the pain if you feel discomfort.
Consult a Healthcare Professional
Before starting a new exercise routine, talk to your doctor. They can help you avoid harmful exercises. This is especially important if you have chronic pain or underlying medical conditions.
Stay Hydrated
Drink plenty of water before, during, and after your exercise program, which helps aid muscle recovery.
Maintain Good Posture
Maintaining proper posture can help avoid injury during exercises and may prevent future incidents of low back pain.
Conclusion
These exercises can increase strength, improve flexibility and range of motion, and ease muscle tension. This combination can help reduce lower back pain. It may also decrease the risk of future back injuries and discomfort.
Several factors can affect which exercises to perform and which to avoid. It's essential to consult with a physical therapist for personalized guidance to determine the best exercises for your situation.
It's also vital to perform the exercises as recommended by your physical therapists. Remember to be consistent with your treatment plan. Be aware of your form and maintain correct spinal alignment throughout the moves.
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About the Author
MaryAnn DePietro CRT is a licensed respiratory therapist with over 15 years of clinical experience in critical care, emergency medicine, and pulmonary rehabilitation. She is also an American Council on Exercise certified personal trainer and holds specialty certifications in orthopedics, senior fitness, and weight management. MaryAnn has a degree in Rehabilitation from Penn State University and a degree in respiratory therapy.
In addition to her clinical experience, she has written extensively about all things medical, as well as health, fitness, and aging for various websites, magazines, and newspapers.
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